16PF

Generalities

The 16PF was developed by R.B. Cattell. The first version was published in 1949, and subsequent versions in 1956, 1962, and 1968. A fifth version, the 16PF5 was published in 1993 and is still much in use today. A lot of psychometric studies are available. The test is translated in many languages.

The test takes more than one hour to take. It is primarily utilized by psychologists and sold exclusively to them for utilization in counseling, recruiting, and clinical situations. The 16PF5 version added five new dimensions (EX, AX, TM, IN, SC) as an effort to cope with the BIG5 approach research. The 16+5 dimensions measured by the 16PF are listed in the following table.

16PF5 Factors table

Factor	Title	Low	High
Factor A	Warmth	Reserved, Distant	Warm, Outgoing
Factor B	Reasoning	Concrete	Abstract
Factor C	Emotional Stability	Reactive	Adaptive
Factor E	Dominance	Deferential, Cooperative	Assertive, Dominant
Factor F	Liveliness	Serious, Restrained	Animated, Spontaneous
Factor G	Rule-Consciousness	Expedient, Nonconforming	Rule-conscious, Dutiful
Factor H	Social Boldness	Threat sensitive, Timid	Venturesome, Think-skinned
Factor I	Sensitivity	Utilitarian, Objective	Sensitive, Sentimental
Factor L	Vigilance	Trusting, Unsuspecting	Skeptical, Wary
Factor M	Abstractedness	Grounded, Practical	Imaginative, Idea-oriented
Factor N	Privateness	Forthright, Genuine	Discreet, Non-disclosing
Factor O	Self-assured, Complacent	Worried, Self-doubting
Factor Q1	Openness to change	Traditional, Attached to familiar	Experimenting
Factor Q2	Self-reliance	Group-oriented	Solitary, Individualistic
Factor Q3	Perfectionism	Unexacting, Flexible	Organized, Self-disciplined
Factor Q4	Tension	High-energy, Impatient
Factor EX	Extraversion	Socially inhibited	Socially participating
Factor AX	Anxiety	Low Anxiety, unperturbed	High anxiety
Factor TM	Tough minded	Receptive, intuitive	Resolute, un-empathetic
Factor IN	Independence	Agreeable, Selfless	persuasive, Willful
Factor SC	Self-control	Unrestrained, follows urges	Inhibit urges

Comments

The 16PF is a personality test that was created by R. Cattell before the advent of computers and software. The test is based on 16 factors that were identified through factorial analysis. However, in the 1990s, Digman conducted a similar analysis and found only 7 factors, which led to doubts about the validity of the 16PF. Later, the 16PF5 version was developed, which was more consistent, theoretically sound, and in line with recent research on the BIG5.

The 16PF is mainly used in clinical settings rather than for organizational purposes. It was popular among psychologists during the 1970s and 1980s, but its popularity declined in the late 1990s in favor of newer tests based on the BIG5 approach, such as the NEO-PI or the FFM. The popularity of the 16PF may have been due to the reputation of its author, who was a renowned researcher as well as an active writer and speaker.

The 16PF has influenced the development of many other tests, such as the Guilford Zimmerman Temperament Survey (GZTS). Other tests like OPQ or HPI, which have a large number of items and measure more than a dozen traits, can also be considered similar to the 16PF.

References

More on the 16PF in encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O87-16PF.html

More on the 16PF in Google Scholar: http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=16PF&btnG=Search

More details about the critique of the 16PF in : Digman J. M. (1996). The curious history of the five-factor model. In: The five-factor model of personality, J. S. Wiggins. New York, The Guilford Press.